Izincinci zokuhamba zinetha njani ubukhona bomthwalo wezihlathi ezinkulu?

Kodwa imoto iphatha emaqondoleni amahle, emaqondoleni amadala, noma emaqondoleni angavamile, izimilo ezihlukene ziyagcinwa ngokuphelele futhi ziyashintsha ngokuphelele. Umphumela wokuhlala kwe-moto kuhlanza, kubonakalayo, nokuphatha kwayo ngokuphelele kulezi zimo kuyaphendula ngokuphelele kububi bokugcina kwayo i-CHASSIS COMPONENTS . Lezi ziqondlo nezinkulungwane zokugcina ziyagcinisa isikhundla sokugcina sonke isikhundla sokugcina, zibuyisela izindlela zokuphatha kwe-moto ngokuphatha okuhlanza, futhi zibuyisela nokuphatha ukuchaza kwe-maqondolo amahle.

Ukuzazi kanjani i-CHASSIS COMPONENTS ukuthintana nokuphambuka kwe-vehicle akuyiyo kuphela umbono wokuziphatha ngokwemithambo — kuyiyo indlela yokusebenza yezindlu zezibalo, abasebenzi bokubhala izinkampani zezibalo, nabasebenzi bezibalo ababhekene ngezibalo zabo ngokuphelele emizimbeni eyisisekelo. Kusukela emaphakathi okukhanya nezinkampani zokugcina ukuphambuka, kuya kumaqanda amaqanda nezinkampani zokuphambuka, umunye wamazwi amanqanda wechassis ayasebenza ngendlela eyodwa futhi engeziwe ekuthini isibalo se-vehicle sifuna ukubhekana nesibalo esihlukanayo. Uma lezinkampani ziyakhuluma ngokuphelele futhi ziyathuluzwa ngokuphelele, isiphumo siyoba yisibalo esisikhona, esinamandla, futhi esihlakanipha. Uma zihlukane noma zihluphe, iziphumo zingahlanganisa kusukela kumsebenzi ongafanele kuya kufa kwesibalo sokuhamba.

Indima Yomthambo Wechassis Ekuphambukweni Kwesibalo

Ukuthi Chassis Ukhuthula Izinga Zokuphambuka Kustructure Yomoto

Kufanele konke okukhona kwezinkambu, izihlangothi, nokuthwasa kwezandla ezikhiyela indlela isebenza ngazo kufanele kubhekwe, kubuyiselwe, noma kususwakale kabusha kabusha ngaphambi kokufika kubantu abasebenzisa ibhili noma kubulawa umlando walo. Izinqubo zokuphatha izinto (chassis) ziyizindlela zokuxhumana phakathi kwezindawo zokuphatha izinto kanye nezindawo zokuphatha izinto zomkhosi wobhili. Aziyisibonelo sokugcina ubhili kumthambo — kakhulu bafunda ukuthwasa kwezandla kuzo zonke izindawo zokuphatha izinto.

Izincamzana zokuphatha izinto (control arms), umdla, ziyizindlela zokuhlanganisa izihlangothi zokuphatha izinto kanye nezindawo zokuphatha izinto zomkhosi wobhili. Uma isihlangothi sifuna ukuthola isimo esingavumelekile, incamzana yokuphatha izinto iyavumela isihlangothi ukudlula ngokuphakeme ngaphandle kokuthi isihlangothi sikhululekile kumlando wobhili. Uma akukho ukuthwasa okuvumelwayo kwezinhlobo zokuhlukanisa, konke okungafanele kwezindawo zokuphatha izinto kuzoba kuthwasa ngqo kumkhosi wobhili, okwenza ubhili ukuba kubalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe noma kubhekelwe.

Amajointi ebalu, okuyizinto ezihambisana nezinqubo zokuphakama kanye nezinqubo zokuzulazula, azinikela ukuthi amabalu ayophele ngemithombo emibili ngaphandle kokuthi abaluleke kakhulu ukuthi amabalu aqondwe kahle. I-geometry eyabalandela — ukubala kwamabalu, ukubala kwesikhathi, nokubala kwamabalu — iyadetermina ngokugcwele indlela oyenzayo yamabalu ukuthi ayiphindele kusayithi yendlela. Ukuthi kubalekile kancane lezi zinqubo zezindawo zokuphakama kungathintela ukuthi amabalu ayophindele kahle, ukuthi kubalekile kancane amabalu, nokuthi kungafani kahle ukuthi amabalu ayophindele kusayithi yendlela.

Ukuthinteka Kwesibhodwe Kwaye Ukuhlaziya Kwakho Kukuthinta Kwesibhodwe

Isibhodwe siyindlela yokubeka iziqephu zokuphakama zasezinye noma zasezinye, futhi ukuthinteka kwakho kuyadetermina ukuthi i-geometry yezinqubo zokuphakama iqondwe kahle njengoba kufakwa imithombo. Isibhodwe esingasheka phansi kwemithombo yokuqonda kungasheka isiqephu sonke sokuphakama, kungenza ukuthi kubuyeke kancane i-geometry yamabalu, okungabonakali kusenzo lomuntu osebenzisa isibhodwe.

Kumazindlela okuphakanyiswa kwezindaba zokubhala — njengokuguqula indlela yokuqala noma ukubhala kwezindawo eziningi ngokukhula phakathi kwemilambo engafanele — ubunzima bezinkundla zokubhala bakhuluma kakhulu. Amakhombe ane-inkundla ephakanyisiwe noma enesayizi elihle abahlinzele izinkinga zokubhala ngokuphelele, ukunika umsebenzisi isiphumo esisodwa futhi esibhekisekile. Lokhu kukhomba ukuthi izinkundla zokubhala kwezinkundla zokubhala zihlanganiswe ngokuphelele nokusebenza ngamathuba amaningi futhi ngamakhombe okusebenza ngokuphelele.

Izindawo zokugcina lapho izinkundla zokubhala zihlanganisa nezinkundla zokubhala zihluka kusukela kusasa. Izibhushini ezihlukile kulezi zindawo zokugcina zingena emkhakheni — okuncane kwezi zingena ngokuphelele ukufuna ukuzinikela kwezindawo zokubhala, kodwa ukungena kakhulu kuyenza ukuthi ukubhala kungabonakali futhi ukuthi umkhakha wokubhala ushona kusasa, lokho konke kuyenzela ukuthi kubhekise kwezindawo eziningi.

Izinkinga Zokubhala Nezinkinga Zokuhlanganisa Ngezinkundla Zokubhala

Ukubhala, Ukubhala Kwesikhathi, Nakwakhiwe: Umthombo Wokubhala

Umgcino wokugqibela kuyizinkinga zokubheka ngokupheleleyo phakathi kwezinye zezinye, indawo yomhlaba, nokubhala kwesikhumba. Lezi zinkinga — ukubheka ngokwesikhumbu, ukubheka ngokwesikhumbu, nokubheka ngokwesikhumbu — zihlanganiswa emsebenzini ngokuzimisa ngokupheleleyo ngokubhekana nokubhala kwesikhumba. Kepha, zihlanganiswa ngokupheleleyo kuphela lapho izinto zokubhala ezinamandla okubheka ziyisilinganiso futhi ziyisilinganiso ngokupheleleyo.

Ukubheka ngokwesikhumbu kubhekisa kumkhumbu wokubheka ngokwesikhumbu lapho kubhekwa ngokwesikhumbu. Ukubheka ngokupheleleyo kubhekisa ukuthi isikhumbu sesikhumbu siphakanyiswe ngokupheleleyo lapho kubhekwa ngokwesikhumbu futhi kubhekiswe ngokupheleleyo lapho kubhekwa ngokwesikhumbu. Lapho izinye zezinye zokubhala noma izinye zezinye zokubhala zihlukile, ukubheka ngokwesikhumbu kungahluke, kubhekisa ukuthi isikhumbu sibheka ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle. Lokhu kunciphisa isikhumbu sokubheka ngokupheleleyo futhi kunciphisa ukubhala, ikakhulu lapho kubhekwa ngokwesikhumbu noma lapho kubhekwa ngokwesikhumbu.

Isibonakaliso sesikhala, esisikhiqiza kusukela kwezikhala zokuhambisa okanye emuva kwezikhala zokuhambisa, sifuna ukuthi isikhala sokuhamba ngokuzwintsha nokubuyela kwesikhala sokuhambisa. Izinkulungwane zezikhala njengezinkulungwane zokuhambisa nezinkulungwane zokuhambisa ezinguqukile ziyafuna isibonakaliso sesikhala. Uma lezi zinkulungwane ziphazamisekile noma zingahleli kusobala, izihlathi ziyakwazi ukuphazamisa emaphethini okuhamba kwezihlathi noma kufuneka kubuyiselwe isikhala sokuhambisa ngokuphelele — lokhu kuyisimo esiphambanisa isibonakaliso emaphethini okuhamba okungahleli.

Ukuthi izinkulungwane zezikhala ziziphiwe njani ukuthi zihlale kusobala ngokugcina

Ngokugcina kwezinhlobo zokugcina — ngokugcina, ngokuphanda, noma ngokuhamba ngokugcina — isikhala sokuhambisa sishintsha kancane ngokugcina kwezinkulungwane zezikhala futhi ngokuhambisa kwezinkulungwane. Lokhu kuyisimo esisodwa futhi sisithembekile. Kodwa uma izinkulungwane zezikhala ziphazamisekile, ukushintsha kwezikhala kushintsha kakhulu futhi akukho mthembiso wakho. Isibonakaliso sesikhala sokuhambisa, umsebenzi wokugcina, singasiza isikhala sokuhambisa ukuthi sishintshe indawo yakho ngokugcina, okuzosiza izihlathi ukuthi zihlale kusobala kusobala.

Ngokufanayo, izinsimbi eziphansi zokulawula izingalo zivumela ingalo ngokwayo ukuba iguquke phambili nangemuva ngaphansi kwamandla okusheshisa nawokuvala. Lokhu kushintsha i-engeli yethanga ngethonya, okungenza imoto ingazinzi noma "icindezeleke" phakathi kokuhamba phakathi kokusheshisa nokuvala. Emigwaqweni eyinkimbinkimbi lapho lezi zinguquko zenzeka kaningi, umphumela ohlanganisiwe ekuzethembeni komshayeli nasekuphepheni kwezimoto ubalulekile.

Ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa njalo kwezingxenye ze-chassis akuyona nje incazelo yokugcinwa kuyisimo esidingekayo sokugcina i-geometry yokumiswa imoto eyayiklanyelwe ukusebenza ngayo. Ukutshintshwa kwezingxenye ezigugile kubuyisela i-geometry ehlosiwe, kanjalo nezimpawu zokuqina kwezimoto.

Umthelela wezingxenye ze-chassis ekuphenduleni nasekubuyiseleni emuva kwesondo

Ukuqondisa ngokunemba njengokusebenza kobuqotho be-chassis

Ukuhambisana kwe-Steering — ukugcina ngokushesha nokuhambisana ngokuphelele uma umsitho wemoto uqhubeka ngamandla okusebenza — kuyilandelwa ngqo ngezimo zezinto zokubamba ezincane zemoto kwe-suspension yasezansi ne-sistema yokuqhubeka. Uma lezi zinto zibamba ngokuphelele futhi zihlanganiswe ngokuphelele, amandla okusebenza ayahambisa izinyawo ngokushesha kakhulu futhi ngokuphelele kakhulu. Lokhu kubalulekile kakhulu emazweni apho amaphuzu amaningi akufuneka ngokushesha.

I-lower control arm yindlela eyinkulu yokubamba kwe-chassis ekubeni yilokho okuchaza umkhono wokubamba okwenzeka phakathi kwezinyawo ngokuphatha nokususa. I-control arm ene-bushings ephukile noma i-ball joint engavumelekile iyenza ukuthi kubhekwe isikhundla esingaphansi — isikhundla esincane kodwa esikwaziwa ukubhalwa phakathi kwezinhlobo zokusebenza nokuhambisana kwezinyawo. Emazweni apho amazwi ayalula, lokhu kungabonakali kakhulu. Emazweni apho amazwi amadala noma amagugu, kuyaba yinkulumo eyenkulu yokuphatha.

Ukubhuma kwesikhathi sokuhlela — ulwazi lwesikhathi esibonakalayo esitholakala ngumshini wokuhlela ngokuthi yisiphi isimo sesilinda — kufuna futhi ukuthi izinkulungwane zomkhosi zibe nemiphumela. Izinkulungwane zomkhosi eziphawulekileyo zibhuma ulwazi lwesilinda olusemthwakathini, okusiza umshini wokuhlela ukubona ubukhulu bephakade nokuhlela izimpilo yakhe ngokuphambuka. Izinkulungwane ezenziwe ngokungafanele noma ezihlukile zihlinza lokhu kubhuma, okusisa umshini wokuhlela ngenkumbulo engenabo kuzo zizikhathi eziningi lapho akudingeki kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganana Kwamakhelini Okumkhosi Ne-Understeer Noma I-Oversteer

I-understeer ne-oversteer zizindlela zokusebenza zokuthi indima iyasebenza kanjani lapho amandla okugcina ayagcina isikhathi sokugcina. Nakuba lezindlela ziyatholakala ngeminye imifundo futhi, njengokuthi yisiphi isimo sesilinda noma ukugcina kwezindawo, isimo sezinkulungwane zomkhosi sisebenza ngqo ekuthi lapho na kanjani lezindlela ziyasebenza.

Izihluzi ezinamandla amabili e-vehicle esizwele kakhulu — ikakhulukazi izihluzi zokuphatha nezihluzi zokubamba — zingaba yizinto ezinokuthi zibonise ukuthi izinyawo zangaphambili zingatholi ukuthi ziyasebenza ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke izinyawo zangaphambili azikwazi ukugcina i-geometry eyodwa ukuze zithole amandla okuhambisana ngokuphelele. Isandla sangaphambili sikhona 'sifika' ngaphezu kwesilinda esisodwa, futhi kufuneka umshayeli ashiye isikhathi noma akhethwe ukuthi isilinda singaphezu kweyodwa.

Ngokuvamile, izihluzi zangemva zokuphatha noma zokubamba ezisizwele noma zingavamile kungaba yizinto ezinokuthi zibonise ukuthi izinyawo zangemva zingahambisi ngokuphelele, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuhambisana phakathi komlando wokuphatha. Uma i-geometry yezinyawo zangemva ishusha ngemva kokuphatha ngokuphatha kwezihluzi zokuphatha ezingavamile, izinyawo zangemva zingalungiseleli ngokuphelele ngokuphatha kwe-vehicle, okubiza ukuthi isandla sangemva sishaya. Kuma-rhodes omkhulu engezindawo eziningi zokuphatha, lokhu kungaba yinto engafaneli kakhulu yokuphatha.

Izihluzi Zokuphatha Ne-Stability Yokuqala Ngeminyaka Yokuqonda Emazini Okuphatha

Ukuchitha, Ukusizwele Kwezinhlobo, Nokufuna Ukubuyisela Ngokuphambuka

Izinqubo zokugcina izihlalo ziyaphatha kuzo ukuthi ziyasebenza ngokuphathwa kwezinhlobo zokusebenza zokubhekisa isikhathi esithile sokusebenza kwesikhombiso. Lokhu kucacisa ukuthi kuzoba nokuthi kufakwa imithambo yezinhlobo zokusebenza kulezi zinqubo ngokuphathwa kwezinhlobo zokusebenza zokubhekisa isikhathi esithile sokusebenza kwesikhombiso. Ngokuphathwa kwezinhlobo zokusebenza zokubhekisa isikhathi esithile sokusebenza kwesikhombiso, ukuthi kufakwa imithambo yezinhlobo zokusebenza kulezi zinqubo kuyabonakala ngokuphathwa kwezinhlobo zokusebenza zokubhekisa isikhathi esithile sokusebenza kwesikhombiso. Ngokuphathwa kwezinhlobo zokusebenza zokubhekisa isikhathi esithile sokusebenza kwesikhombiso, ukuthi kufakwa imithambo yezinhlobo zokusebenza kulezi zinqubo kuyabonakala ngokuphathwa kwezinhlobo zokusebenza zokubhekisa isikhathi esithile sokusebenza kwesikhombiso.

Ukuchaza okukhona ngokuthi izinqubo zokugcina izihlalo ziyathwasa kuyisibonelo sokuthi kuyathwasa ngokuphathwa kwezinhlobo zokusebenza zokubhekisa isikhathi esithile sokusebenza kwesikhombiso. Ukuthi ikhanda lomkhakha lisithwasele 0.5mm yekhanda lakho lokugcina izihlalo kungalibonakali ngokuphathwa kwezinhlobo zokusebenza zokubhekisa isikhathi esithile sokusebenza kwesikhombiso, kodwa ngokuphathwa kwezinhlobo zokusebenza zokubhekisa isikhathi esithile sokusebenza kwesikhombiso, lokhu kucacisa ukuthi kuyathwasa ngokuphathwa kwezinhlobo zokusebenza zokubhekisa isikhathi esithile sokusebenza kwesikhombiso. Ukuthi kuthwasele ngokuphathwa kwezinhlobo zokusebenza zokubhekisa isikhathi esithile sokusebenza kwesikhombiso kuyisibonelo sokuthi kuyathwasa ngokuphathwa kwezinhlobo zokusebenza zokubhekisa isikhathi esithile sokusebenza kwesikhombiso.

Abasebenzisi ababiliwe nezindlu zokusebenza ezingathandabuzi ezisebenzisa izihlalo ngokuphakeme kwezindlela eziphakeme — amaphoyinti okwakha, izindlela zemithi, noma izindlela zokugcina eziphakeme kakhulu emazweni — kufanele bavule izikhathi sezinsiza zokubona izinkulungwane zokuhamba ngaphezu kwalezi zikhathi zesibonelo sokuthenga, okuyizikhathi ezisukela kwezindlela zokugcina zokusebenza. Izinhlobo zokuphakama kwezindlela eziphakeme ziyakuvumela ukuthi kwenziwe ukususa okuphakeme kakhulu.

Ukuchaza Kwamaphuzu Amashumi Amabili Wezinkulungwane Zokuhamba

Okunye kwezinto eziphambili nokungathandabuzi kakhulu kwezinsiza zokuhamba yiziphumo zokuchaza kwamaphuzu amashumi amabili wezinkulungwane zokuhamba. Isibonelo sesibushing esingathandabuzi singasika isikhundla esincinci kwezinhlobo zokuhamba. Kodwa lapha izinkulungwane zokuhamba eziningi ziyagcinwa ngokuhambisana — lokhu kuyisimo esiphelele kwezihlalo zokugcina kakhulu — isiphumo sokugcinwa kwezinhlobo zokuhamba kuyakuba kakhulu kunezinhlobo zokuhamba zokugcina.

Lokhu kwenza ngoba ubunzima be-geometry be-ophanging yisistimu yezindilingo ezihlanganayo. Uma isiqephu esinye sishintsha kusuka kwezimfano, sibeka ubukhulu obungapheliyo kwezinqamulelo eziphakathi nazo futhi sishintsha i-geometry ngendlela okufanele kuzame ukubuyeza izinqamulelo ezingaphansi. Ngemuva kwezinsuku, lokhu kugcina ukuphatha kwezinqamulelo zonke futhi kwenza ukuthi ukuphatha kwesikhombisa kuyabonakala ngokungafanele kakhulu.

Ukubuyisela izinqamulelo zesiqephu ngemigqa — umsebenzi wokubuyisela izinqamulelo zokugcina zonke ngokujikijela kungaphandle kokubuyisela kuphela eyodwa eyayibonakala njengokuthi iyashintsha kakhulu — kuvumela ukuthi isistimu yophanging isebenza njengomunye wobunzima obuhle. Lokhu kubuyisa ubunzima be-geometry obuyiswe futhi kuvikela isimo sokuthi isiqephu esisha sibhekene nobukhulu obungapheliyo ngokushintshwa kwezinqamulelo zokugcina ezishintshwe.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Yiziphi izinqamulelo zesiqephu eziningi kakhulu ekubaleni ubunzima besikhombisa?

Izinkulungwane zokuphatha ezimangalisayo kakhulu zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha zokuph......

Ngingakwazi njani ukuthi izinkulungwane zami zokuphatha zidinga ukubuyiselwa?

Izinkulungwane ezizenzakalelayo zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziyizinkulungwane zokuphatha kwe-vehicle ziy......

Izinqubo zokugcina izihlangothi ezihlukile kungakhuthaza ukusebenza kwemithambo?

Yebo, izinqubo zokugcina izihlangothi ezihlukile kungakhuthaza ngokuphelele ukusebenza kwemithambo. Izibhushini zokugcina izihlangothi eziyisiseko ziyavumela umhlangothi ukusuka esikhundleni sakho ngesikhathi sokugcina, okungakhuthaza umkhakha ukufika esinye sesiqondiso ngesikhathi sokugcina ngokuchaza. Izijointi zokugcina eziphansi zingavumela ubumbiko bezinhlobo zokugcina ukuguqula ngokugcina kwezinhlobo zokugcina, okuvamisa ubumbiko bezinhlobo zokugcina futhi okuvamisa ukugcina kwabo. Ukugcina izinqubo zokugcina ngendlela enenhlobo kuyisiseko sokugcina ngokuphelele nokubaluleka kokugcina ngokuphelele.

Kuzoba yini isikhathi sokubheka izinqubo zokugcina emakhonkweni abhekene nezinhlobo zokugcina zokugcina?

Kubavayikili obabasebenzisa ngokuphelele kwezindawo ezingaphansi, ezingahlanzeka, noma ezingazange zibe yizindawo ezinamandla, kufanele iziqephu sezinkundla zisohlwe ngalunye u-20,000 ku-30,000 km, noma ngaphezu kwalokho uma ivayikili ibasebenziswa kwezindawo ezingamandla kakhulu. Izindlela zokusebenza zokuzisa izinto zokusebenza zokwakhiwa zingafana ngokujwayelekile kwezindawo zokuhamba ezijwayelekile futhi kungakwazi ukubona ukuthi kuyaphela kahle kwezindawo zokuhamba ngaphandle kwendawo, amasitha amaningi, noma izindawo zokuhamba ezingahlanzeka kakhulu. Umthunyisi owethembekile kufanele asebenze ngokubona ngokugcina iziqephu zonke zezinkundla ngalunye isikhathi sokusebenza.